In his book, "Journey to Hell," Frenchman Mourad Benchellali recounts the torture and insults he faced during his two-year detention at the US military prison at Guantanamo Bay. His first meeting with the man presiding over the newly opened Camp X-Ray came in early 2002, shortly after his arrival.
"I saw his eyes - hard, scornful - appraising me," Benchellali writes of the general, who visited the camp's first detainees and promised their Islamic religion would be respected. While a few changes did indeed occur following the visit, Benchellali writes, the general's promised improvements at the camp "quickly lost credibility."
More than a decade later, a Paris appeals court has ordered the ex-Guantanamo prison chief to appear as an "assisted witness" on Tuesday, over allegations of illegal detention and torture involving Benchellali and another ex-detainee, Nizar Sassi.
"I want him to explain why he gave orders to torture us and how he can justify them," Benchellali says of retired US General Geoffrey Miller, who commanded the Guantanamo Bay camp between 2002 and 2004.
Miller is unlikely to appear before the Paris court
"We think he should have been charged, but it's a step at least to have him as assisted witness," says Bourdon, describing a French legal term that carries more weight than a simple witness but does not imply formal charges.
Clearing his name
For Benchellali, the summons marks a key step on a personal mission to clear his name after two-and-a-half years at Guantanamo as an alleged "enemy combatant." In 2004, he was transferred to France, where he spent two more years in prison before his release in 2006. A year later, a French appeals court overturned terrorist conspiracy convictions against Benchellali and four other former Guantanamo inmates.
"It's not just symbolic," he says of Tuesday's summons. "We may be able to enlarge the area of responsibility and summon other people. We hope the judges will be able to continue their investigations."
The hearing will come a week after President Barack Obama urged lawmakers to approve a White House plan to close the military prison, a promise he made as a candidate in 2008.
Obama had said he would close Guantanamo during his election campaign
After leaving prison, Benchellali wrote "A Journey to Hell," tracing his journey from a gritty suburb of Lyon to Afghanistan, where his brother had promised him and Nizar Sassi a "holiday." Instead, the two found themselves in an al-Qaeda training camp.
The book describes how the two eventually escaped the camp, crossing into neighboring Pakistan. It was late 2001, and the US was still reeling from the September 11 attacks. The pair were quickly captured and turned over to American forces, who transferred them to Guantanamo.
"I cannot describe in just a few lines the suffering and the torture; but the worst aspect of being at the camp was the despair, the feeling that whatever you say, it will never make a difference," Benchellali wrote in a 2006 op-ed for The New York Times.
Both Benchellali and Sassi have been demanding for years that French courts launch legal proceedings against Miller. Last April, the Paris Court of Appeal demanded the general appear for questioning.
In the US, Miller has also been summoned for questioning over prisoner abuse in Guantanamo, as well as the abuse of detainees at Abu Ghraib in Iraq, where he helped to set up the prison's interrogation policy.
The US Defense Department would not comment on the French court summons, according to reports.
Countering radical Islam
Today, Benchellali crisscrosses France and Europe to tell his story and warn youngsters against radicalization. With hundreds of Europeans believed to be fighting in Iraq and Syria, he is much in demand - although, he says, some French schools are still reluctant to invite him to speak.
Benchellali has been trying to clear his name since his release from prison in 2006But Benchellali is undeterred. He toured Brittany over the weekend with Amnesty International and will speak this week to youngsters in Belgium.
He will be tracking the Paris proceedings closely. "It's very courageous on the part of the court and my lawyers to keep this going," he says.
